Ovarian Cysts

What are the Types of Ovarian Cysts?

• Follicle Cysts
  In a regular menstrual cycle, the ovary releases a mature egg every month. However, sometimes, the follicle does not break open to release the egg. As a result, the follicle is filled with fluid and continues to grow, forming a cyst.
• Corpus Luteum Cysts
  When the follicle releases an egg, it shrinks into a mass of cells called the corpus luteum. Corpus luteum cysts are formed when the follicle sac does not shrink and reseals itself, causing fluid build-up.
• Endometrioma Cysts
  Endometrioma cysts are common among women with endometriosis. Endometrial tissue is the uterine lining; and endometriosis occurs when this lining grows outside the uterus.
• Cystadenomas
  Cystadenomas are usually benign tumours that form on the outer surface of the ovary. They are filled with a watery or mucous-like fluid. Cystadenomas can cause abdominal discomfort or bloating.
• Dermoid Cysts
  Dermoid cysts, also known as teratomas, usually occur in younger women. Dermoid cysts are formed in the ovary and consist of various types of tissue, such as skin, hair, and teeth.

What are the Treatments for Ovarian Cysts?

Treatment of ovarian cysts varies according to a woman’s age, the size of the cyst and the appearance of the cyst on ultrasound. If the cyst is not causing any pain, simple observation with serial ultrasound scans and blood tests for evaluation is sufficient. However, if a patient experiences severe pain because of the cyst, it needs to be surgically removed by your gynaecologist. The malignant (cancerous) potential of the cyst can then be determined after removal to see if further adjuvant therapy is necessary.

Depending on the size and type of your cyst, as well as your symptoms, age, and general health, your gynaecologist may recommend the following treatment options:

• Medication
  Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can help to manage pain caused by ovarian cysts. Hormonal birth control pills can also help reduce the risk of ovarian cysts by regulating one’s hormones. However, they cannot shrink existing cysts.
• Surgery

  If the cyst is large, growing, or is causing pain, your doctor may recommend the removal of the ovarian cyst through surgery. These procedures include:

  • Laparoscopy (Keyhole Surgery)
    Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure where small incisions are made and specialised surgical instruments are used to carry out the operation through those incisions.
  • Laparotomy (Open Surgery)
    In some cases, a laparotomy may be required. Larger incisions are made in this procedure to grant the surgeon better access to the cyst and its surrounding areas.
  • Cystectomy
    Cystectomy is a surgical procedure that removes the cyst without removing the ovary.
  • Oophorectomy
    Oophorectomy is a surgical procedure which involves the removal of the ovary along with the cyst.

FAQs on Ovarian Cysts

• Who is at risk of developing ovarian cysts?

  Women have a higher risk of developing ovarian cysts if they:

  • Have hormonal problems and are taking medications that help them ovulate
  • Have endometriosis and severe pelvic infections
  • Are pregnant
  • Have had a previous ovarian cyst
• What happens if ovarian cysts are left untreated?
  Most cysts can resolve on their own without any treatment. However, some cysts can twist or rupture, which can cause significant pain and other complications. Leaving an ovarian cyst untreated may also interfere with one’s fertility, potentially pose risks during pregnancy, or may grow larger and cause discomfort. Hence, if you notice signs and symptoms of cysts, it is recommended to get it evaluated by a doctor as soon as possible.
• Can ovarian cysts be treated without surgery?
  Many ovarian cysts can actually resolve on their own. However, surgery to remove an ovarian cyst may be required if the cyst is large, causing pain, or is potentially cancerous. Your gynaecologist will be in the best position to assess and manage your situation.